Glossary

__Glossary __ By: Jenna Goodrich - Consciousness- Our awareness of ourselves and our environment. - Biological Rhythms- Periodic physiological fluctuations. - Circadian Rhythm- The biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle. - REM sleep- Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. - Alpha Waves- The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. - Sleep- Periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. - Hallucinations- False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. - Delta Waves- The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. - Insomnia- Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. - Narcolepsy- A sleep- disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. - Sleep Apnea- A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings. - Night terrors- A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of sleep, and are seldom remembered. -Dream- A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it. - Manifest Content- According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent content). <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">-Latent Content- According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream. Freud believed that a dream’s latent content functions as a safety valve. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- REM rebound- The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep). <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Hypnosis- A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Posthypnotic Amnesia- Supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis; induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Posthypnotic Suggestion- A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Dissociation- A spilt in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Hidden Observer- Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized student’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that goes unreported during hypnosis. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Psychoactive drug- A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Tolerance- The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Withdrawal- The discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">-Physical Dependence- A physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Psychological Dependence- A psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">-Depressants- Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">-Stimulants- Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines and cocaine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Hallucinogens- Psychedelic (‘mind- manifesting’) drugs, such as LSD, which distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Barbiturates- Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Opiates- Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Amphetamines- Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Ecstasy (MDMA) - A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer- term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- LSD- A powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- THC- The major ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Near-death experience- An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">- Dualism- The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact. <span style="font-size: 14pt; color: #cc00ff; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Candara','sans-serif';">-Monism- The presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing.